What Is Naturalisation?
Naturalisation (Einbürgerung in German; legally: acquisition of German citizenship) is the process by which a foreign national acquires German citizenship on application. It is governed by the Nationality Act (Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz, StAG), which was fundamentally reformed on 27 June 2024.
Naturalisation grants you all the rights of a German citizen: the right to vote, freedom of movement within the EU, access to certain public offices, and — since the 2024 reform — the ability to keep your existing nationality.
Rights as a Citizen
- Active and passive voting rights (federal, state and European elections)
- German passport — visa-free access to over 190 countries
- Freedom of movement and residence in all EU member states
- Access to the civil service (certain positions are reserved for German/EU citizens)
- Consular protection abroad
Requirements (2024 Reform)
Length of Residence
- Standard case: 5 years of lawful and uninterrupted residence in Germany (reduced from 8 to 5 years by the 2024 reform)
- Special achievements: 3 years — for outstanding voluntary, economic or cultural contributions
- Spouse of a German citizen: 3 years within an existing marriage
Secure Livelihood
You must be able to support yourself and any family members to be naturalised together, without relying on state social benefits.
German Language Skills B1
Proven spoken and written German language skills at B1 level (recognised tests: Goethe B1, telc Deutsch B1, DTZ).
Knowledge of the Constitution and Society
You must demonstrate basic knowledge of Germany's democratic system, the constitution (Grundgesetz) and society — through the Einbürgerungstest (naturalisation test).
No Significant Criminal Record
Serious convictions (a custodial sentence or fine of 90 daily rates or more) normally preclude naturalisation.
Renunciation of Previous Nationality (Exception Since 2024)
Before the 2024 reform, applicants were generally required to give up their previous nationality. Since 27 June 2024, dual nationality in Germany is permissible for everyone — regardless of the applicant's origin.
Dual Nationality Since 2024
The reform of the Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz of 27 June 2024 is a milestone: for the first time in the history of the Federal Republic, it is possible for all nationals to acquire German citizenship without renouncing their previous nationality.
French nationals naturalised in Germany keep their French passport. Turkish nationals keep their Turkish passport. This opening applies to all applications submitted after the new law came into force.
Legal notice: This information reflects the state of the June 2024 reform. For legally binding advice, contact the naturalisation authority or a lawyer specialising in immigration law.
Naturalisation Application — Documents
Complete Document List
- Valid passport (original + copies)
- Recent biometric photo
- Proof of registered address (Anmeldebestätigung)
- Proof of residence title (e.g. Niederlassungserlaubnis)
- B1 German language certificate
- Proof of financial self-sufficiency (payslips, bank statements)
- Naturalisation test certificate
- Health insurance proof
- Where applicable: marriage certificate, divorce decree, children's birth certificates
- All foreign-language documents with certified translation
Where to Submit the Application
The application is submitted to the naturalisation authority (Einbürgerungsbehörde) of your municipality or district. In some federal states this is the district office (Landratsamt), in others the city office or the Ausländerbehörde.
Processing Times and Costs
- Fee: €255 per person (children under 16: €51)
- Processing time: 6 months to over 2 years, depending on the federal state and authority workload
The Naturalisation Test
The Einbürgerungstest administered by BAMF consists of 33 questions drawn from a pool of 310 questions covering:
- The democratic order and political system of Germany
- History and society
- Fundamental rights
To pass, at least 17 out of 33 questions must be answered correctly.
Preparation: The full question catalogue is available free of charge on the BAMF website. Online practice tools and apps help you prepare.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
How long does the naturalisation process take? Typically 6 months to 2 years — depending on the federal state, authority and completeness of documents.
Can I reapply after a rejection? Yes. There is no waiting period after a refusal, but you must address the reasons for rejection.
What happens to my foreign pension after naturalisation? Your foreign pension entitlements generally remain intact. Naturalisation does not affect existing social security rights.
Can I be naturalised if I have a criminal record? Minor offences are harmless. Convictions of more than 90 daily rates of fines or a custodial sentence normally lead to rejection.
Become German — With Our Support
Naturalisation is the definitive step to making Germany your permanent home. Our experts help you prepare a flawless application.